熟悉新工程
096.1.7熟悉新工程
/* ==================== Core/Src/main.c ==================== */
/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
******************************************************************************
* @file : main.c
* @brief : Main program body
******************************************************************************
* @attention
*
* Copyright (c) 2024 STMicroelectronics.
* All rights reserved.
*
* This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
* in the root directory of this software component.
* If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
*
******************************************************************************
*/
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "gpio.h"
/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
/* USER CODE END Includes */
/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */
/* USER CODE END PTD */
/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */
/* USER CODE END PD */
/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */
/* USER CODE END PM */
/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */
/* USER CODE END PV */
/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */
/* USER CODE END PFP */
/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */
/* USER CODE END 0 */
/**
* @brief The application entry point.
* @retval int
*/
int main(void)
{
/* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */
/* USER CODE END 1 */
/* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
HAL_Init();
/* USER CODE BEGIN Init */
/* USER CODE END Init */
/* Configure the system clock */
SystemClock_Config();
/* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */
/* USER CODE END SysInit */
/* Initialize all configured peripherals */
MX_GPIO_Init();
/* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */
/* USER CODE END 2 */
/* Infinite loop */
/* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
while (1)
{
/* USER CODE END WHILE */
/* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
}
/* USER CODE END 3 */
}
/**
* @brief System Clock Configuration
* @retval None
*/
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};
/** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
* in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
*/
RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEPredivValue = RCC_HSE_PREDIV_DIV1;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLMUL = RCC_PLL_MUL9;
if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
{
Error_Handler();
}
/** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
*/
RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;
RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;
if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_2) != HAL_OK)
{
Error_Handler();
}
}
/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */
/* USER CODE END 4 */
/**
* @brief This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
* @retval None
*/
void Error_Handler(void)
{
/* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
/* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
__disable_irq();
while (1)
{
}
/* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}
#ifdef USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
* @brief Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
* where the assert_param error has occurred.
* @param file: pointer to the source file name
* @param line: assert_param error line source number
* @retval None
*/
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
/* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
/* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
/* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */
/* ==================== MDK-ARM/startup_stm32f103xe.s ==================== */
;******************** (C) COPYRIGHT 2017 STMicroelectronics ********************
;* File Name : startup_stm32f103xe.s
;* Author : MCD Application Team
;* Description : STM32F103xE Devices vector table for MDK-ARM toolchain.
;* This module performs:
;* - Set the initial SP
;* - Set the initial PC == Reset_Handler
;* - Set the vector table entries with the exceptions ISR address
;* - Configure the clock system
;* - Branches to __main in the C library (which eventually
;* calls main()).
;* After Reset the Cortex-M3 processor is in Thread mode,
;* priority is Privileged, and the Stack is set to Main.
;******************************************************************************
;* @attention
;*
;* Copyright (c) 2017-2021 STMicroelectronics.
;* All rights reserved.
;*
;* This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
;* in the root directory of this software component.
;* If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
;*
;******************************************************************************
; Amount of memory (in bytes) allocated for Stack
; Tailor this value to your application needs
; <h> Stack Configuration
; <o> Stack Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Stack_Size EQU 0x400
AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size
__initial_sp
; <h> Heap Configuration
; <o> Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Heap_Size EQU 0x200
AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
__heap_base
Heap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size
__heap_limit
PRESERVE8
THUMB
; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY
EXPORT __Vectors
EXPORT __Vectors_End
EXPORT __Vectors_Size
__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack
DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler
DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler
DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler
DCD MemManage_Handler ; MPU Fault Handler
DCD BusFault_Handler ; Bus Fault Handler
DCD UsageFault_Handler ; Usage Fault Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD SVC_Handler ; SVCall Handler
DCD DebugMon_Handler ; Debug Monitor Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD PendSV_Handler ; PendSV Handler
DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler
; External Interrupts
DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window Watchdog
DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detect
DCD TAMPER_IRQHandler ; Tamper
DCD RTC_IRQHandler ; RTC
DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; Flash
DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC
DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 0
DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 1
DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 2
DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 3
DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 4
DCD DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 1
DCD DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 2
DCD DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 3
DCD DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 4
DCD DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 5
DCD DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 6
DCD DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 7
DCD ADC1_2_IRQHandler ; ADC1 & ADC2
DCD USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; USB High Priority or CAN1 TX
DCD USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; USB Low Priority or CAN1 RX0
DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1
DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE
DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 9..5
DCD TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break
DCD TIM1_UP_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update
DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation
DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare
DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2
DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3
DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4
DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event
DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error
DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event
DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error
DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1
DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2
DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1
DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2
DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3
DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 15..10
DCD RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm through EXTI Line
DCD USBWakeUp_IRQHandler ; USB Wakeup from suspend
DCD TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break
DCD TIM8_UP_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update
DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation
DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare
DCD ADC3_IRQHandler ; ADC3
DCD FSMC_IRQHandler ; FSMC
DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO
DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5
DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3
DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4
DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5
DCD TIM6_IRQHandler ; TIM6
DCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7
DCD DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel1
DCD DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel2
DCD DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel3
DCD DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel4 & Channel5
__Vectors_End
__Vectors_Size EQU __Vectors_End - __Vectors
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY
; Reset handler
Reset_Handler PROC
EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK]
IMPORT __main
IMPORT SystemInit
LDR R0, =SystemInit
BLX R0
LDR R0, =__main
BX R0
ENDP
; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)
NMI_Handler PROC
EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
HardFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT HardFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
MemManage_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT MemManage_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
BusFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT BusFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
UsageFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT UsageFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SVC_Handler PROC
EXPORT SVC_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
DebugMon_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT DebugMon_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
PendSV_Handler PROC
EXPORT PendSV_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SysTick_Handler PROC
EXPORT SysTick_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
Default_Handler PROC
EXPORT WWDG_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT PVD_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TAMPER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FLASH_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RCC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ADC1_2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI9_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_UP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI15_10_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USBWakeUp_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_UP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ADC3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FSMC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SDIO_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
WWDG_IRQHandler
PVD_IRQHandler
TAMPER_IRQHandler
RTC_IRQHandler
FLASH_IRQHandler
RCC_IRQHandler
EXTI0_IRQHandler
EXTI1_IRQHandler
EXTI2_IRQHandler
EXTI3_IRQHandler
EXTI4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler
ADC1_2_IRQHandler
USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler
USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler
CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler
CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler
EXTI9_5_IRQHandler
TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM1_UP_IRQHandler
TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM1_CC_IRQHandler
TIM2_IRQHandler
TIM3_IRQHandler
TIM4_IRQHandler
I2C1_EV_IRQHandler
I2C1_ER_IRQHandler
I2C2_EV_IRQHandler
I2C2_ER_IRQHandler
SPI1_IRQHandler
SPI2_IRQHandler
USART1_IRQHandler
USART2_IRQHandler
USART3_IRQHandler
EXTI15_10_IRQHandler
RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler
USBWakeUp_IRQHandler
TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM8_UP_IRQHandler
TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM8_CC_IRQHandler
ADC3_IRQHandler
FSMC_IRQHandler
SDIO_IRQHandler
TIM5_IRQHandler
SPI3_IRQHandler
UART4_IRQHandler
UART5_IRQHandler
TIM6_IRQHandler
TIM7_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler
B .
ENDP
ALIGN
;*******************************************************************************
; User Stack and Heap initialization
;*******************************************************************************
IF :DEF:__MICROLIB
EXPORT __initial_sp
EXPORT __heap_base
EXPORT __heap_limit
ELSE
IMPORT __use_two_region_memory
EXPORT __user_initial_stackheap
__user_initial_stackheap
LDR R0, = Heap_Mem
LDR R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size)
LDR R2, = (Heap_Mem + Heap_Size)
LDR R3, = Stack_Mem
BX LR
ALIGN
ENDIF
END
一、新工程的使用
1.1 网盘文件下载与解压
配套代码包含 Keil MDK-ARM 工程和 STM32CubeIDE 工作区。建议解压到短、纯英文路径，例如 D:\stm32\code，并保留完整目录结构；不要只复制某个 .c 文件，因为工程还依赖头文件、HAL 驱动、启动文件、链接配置和芯片描述。
打开前先区分三类入口：
| 文件/目录 | 用途 | 打开方式 |
|---|---|---|
*.ioc | CubeMX 图形化配置 | STM32CubeMX 或 CubeIDE |
MDK-ARM/*.uvprojx | Keil 工程 | Keil µVision |
CubeIDE 工作区/.project | Eclipse 工程描述 | 在 CubeIDE 选择工作区后导入或打开项目 |
工程路径、工作区路径和工具链路径是三个概念。路径包含中文、空格或特殊字符时，某些版本的构建脚本或插件可能报错；课程阶段使用全英文短路径最稳妥。
1.2 双击Q8文件
这里的“Q8”是转写中对 Keil 的称呼。Keil 工程应进入 MDK-ARM 目录，双击 .uvprojx，而不是随意双击某个源文件。
1.2.1 CUBE MX使用
双击 .ioc 后可查看芯片引脚、时钟树、外设和代码生成设置。.ioc 是工程配置清单，不是快捷方式，也不是可执行程序。
1.2.1.1 整合到最新版本
CubeMX/CubeIDE 打开较早工程时可能提示迁移固件包或工具版本。迁移前应先复制整个工程或提交到 Git，再阅读提示：
- Migrate 会按当前工具与固件包调整工程，生成代码可能发生变化；
- Continue 或保持版本则依赖本机安装相应固件包；
- 迁移后应重新生成、全量编译，并使用目录比较或
git diff检查变化； - 不要只看 IDE 显示“成功”，还要核对时钟、引脚、链接脚本和用户代码保护区。
1.2.2 Q8DE使用
这里的“Q8DE”指 STM32CubeIDE。推荐做法是：启动 CubeIDE，选择一个纯英文工作区，再通过 File → Import → Existing Projects into Workspace 导入项目；也可以在已关联的环境中打开 .project。
不要把“工程目录”和“工作区”混为一谈。工作区可以管理多个工程，工程目录则保存某个项目的源码与构建配置。
1.2.2.1 工作空间的定义
CubeIDE 工作区根目录下通常有 .metadata，用于保存窗口布局、索引、调试配置等工作区状态；不是 .mate。项目目录中的 .project、.cproject 描述工程，.ioc 保存 CubeMX 配置。
workspace/
├─ .metadata/ IDE 工作区状态，通常不要手改
├─ 01GPIO/
│ ├─ .project Eclipse 项目描述
│ ├─ .cproject C/C++ 构建配置
│ ├─ 01GPIO.ioc CubeMX 配置
│ ├─ Core/
│ ├─ Drivers/
│ └─ STM32F103ZETX_FLASH.ld
└─ 02EXTI/
工具栏“小锤子”构建的是当前工程或当前目标，不是“选中一个 .c 后逐个编译所有文件”。字体缩放、编辑区拆分等快捷键可能随操作系统和键位方案变化，可在 Preferences → General → Keys 中查询。
1.3 单片机代码运行
STM32 复位后的实际启动链路如下：
flowchart TD
RESET[复位] --> MSP[读取 0x00000000 的初始 MSP]
MSP --> RH[读取 0x00000004 的 Reset_Handler]
RH --> INIT[SystemInit]
INIT --> CRT[C 运行库：复制 .data、清零 .bss]
CRT --> MAIN[main]
MAIN --> LOOP[初始化与 while 1]
.s 是汇编启动文件。文件开头的向量表第一项是初始栈顶，第二项是 Reset_Handler，后续是 NMI、HardFault 和各外设中断入口。课程使用的 startup_stm32f103xe.s 中，复位处理通常先调用 SystemInit，再跳转到 C 运行库入口；运行库完成数据段准备后才调用 main()。因此不能笼统说启动文件一定直接执行一条 BL main。
这里也不是 PC 意义上的 Bootloader 必然先运行。BOOT0/BOOT1 决定复位后把哪一片存储器映射到启动区：通常从用户 Flash 启动；选择系统存储器时才进入 ST 固化的 ROM Bootloader；也可选择从 SRAM 启动。
1.4 q工程文件夹
这里的“q工程”对应 CubeIDE 工程。重点目录如下：
| 目录/文件 | 内容 | 是否常改 |
|---|---|---|
Core/Inc | main.h、中断头文件、外设头文件 | 会 |
Core/Src | main.c、外设初始化、中断与 MSP 代码 | 会 |
Core/Startup | GCC 语法启动汇编 | 通常不改 |
Drivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver | HAL/LL 驱动 | 通常不改 |
Drivers/CMSIS | Cortex-M 内核接口和器件寄存器定义 | 通常不改 |
*.ioc | 图形化配置 | 会 |
*.ld | 链接脚本，定义 Flash/SRAM 布局 | 特殊场景修改 |
Core 不是字母 q，配置文件扩展名是 .ioc，不是 .lc。Inc 存头文件，Src 存源文件，但二者必须通过包含路径和工程构建配置共同工作。
1.5 Q工程文件夹
这里对应 Keil 工程视图。它按工程分组展示文件，不一定与磁盘上的文件夹一一对应：
Application/User一般包含main.c、gpio.c等应用文件；Drivers/HAL包含硬件抽象层源码；CMSIS包含内核与器件级定义；startup_stm32f103xe.s提供向量表和复位入口；MDK-ARM下还保存.uvprojx、分散加载或链接配置及构建产物。
在 Keil 中看到的是“工程分组”，在资源管理器中看到的是“磁盘路径”。文件能在磁盘上找到，不代表已经加入 Keil 构建目标；反过来，工程分组名也不保证存在同名目录。
1.6 库存在的意义
HAL、CMSIS 和启动代码分别解决不同层次的问题：
应用逻辑
↓ 调用
HAL API（初始化、收发、状态与超时）
↓ 使用
CMSIS 器件结构体、位掩码和内核接口
↓ 映射
寄存器与芯片内部电路
库函数的价值是把重复、易错、具有严格顺序的寄存器操作封装起来，但调试时仍要理解端口时钟、寄存器位和硬件连接。修改 HAL 库本体会影响多个模块，课程阶段通常把自定义逻辑放在 Core 或单独驱动文件中。